The Role Of Professional Development For Educators Essay Example For Students

The Role Of Professional Development For Educators Essay Proficient improvement for teachers is a significant advance in learning better approaches to instruct, actualize new practices and managing the most ideal results for kids s prosperity. Contingent upon the child’s conditions it is likewise imperative to look for different methods for assessment. For this situation obliging the child’s family and the network in which the individual in question lives in and progressing towards advancing advantageous connections. Relationship building energizes guardians in working cooperatively with experts to make conditions of help and eagerness around the eventual benefits of the kid. As expressed in the National Quality Standards (2013), â€Å"the skill of families is perceived and they share in dynamic about their child’s learning and wellbeing† (p. 152). Questions that may help with finding suitable help for kids s learning are for instance, what are the eventual benefits of the kid when at home? What are the things he/she is acceptable at? When you are out, what do they appreciate the most? Posing inquiries like this gives knowledge into the Microsystem and Mesosystem the most persuasive pieces of a youngster s life. Becoming acquainted with the youngster s different preferences are significant in discovering approaches to actualize strong environmental factors. Finding the prevailing parts of a youngster s life gives establishment to utilizing the Strengths-based Approach and discovering standards of the child’s qualities and capacities, seeing a comprehensive perspective on the kid, expanding on the kid s capacities in reach of their zone of proximal turn of events. At the point when instructors associate with kids they become mindful of their aptitudes, which builds up â€Å"sustained shared thinking† (DEECD, 2012, p. 10), having the option to cooperate and incite the . . thinking and strategising to execute transformative methods of adapting to difficulties. It is procedure dependent on vision, teaching method and reasoning. Though Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model contains the jobs, examples, decides and convictions that influence the advancement of a person. It’s sole reason for recognizing who we are as an individual, the moves we make and our persuasions that affects an individual’s future. There are a few shortfalls in utilizing the methodology model as it can just apply for moving in the direction of as of now learnt capacities and an approach to keep away from reality. By all methods it is an extraordinary methodology yet there should be a responsibility from a network of students who cooperate to â€Å"become increasingly ingenious in managing emergencies, enduring relentless anxieties, and meeting future difficulties rather than creating reliance on the system† (Hammond, 2010p. 4).

Brief History of Cod Fishing

Brief History of Cod Fishing The cods significance to American history is evident. It was cod that pulled in Europeans to North America for transient angling trips and in the long run lured them to remain. The cod got one of the most looked for after fish in the North Atlantic, and it was its ubiquity that caused its colossal decay and the shaky circumstance today. Local Americans Some time before Europeans showed up and found America, Native Americans angled along its shores, utilizing snares they produced using bones and nets produced using regular filaments. Cod bones, for example, otoliths (an ear bone) are copious in Native American middens, demonstrating they were a significant piece of the Native American eating routine. Most punctual Europeans The Vikings and Basques were a portion of the main Europeans to head out to the bank of North America and gather and fix cod. Cod was dried until it was hard, or relieved utilizing salt with the goal that it was protected for a significant stretch of time. In the long run, pioneers, for example, Columbus and Cabot found the New World. Portrayals of the fish show that cod were as large as men, and some state that anglers could scoop the fish out of the ocean in crates. Europeans focused their cod angling endeavors in Iceland for a little while, however as clashes developed, they started angling along the bank of Newfoundland and what is currently New England. Travelers and Cod In the mid 1600s, John Smith outlined New England. While figuring out where to escape, the Pilgrims examined Smiths map and were fascinated by the name Cape Cod. They were resolved to benefit from angling, albeit as indicated by Mark Kurlansky, in his book Cod: a Biography of the Fish That Changed the World, they don't knew anything about angling, (p. 68) and keeping in mind that the Pilgrims were starving in 1621, there were British boats filling their holds with fish off the New England coast. Accepting they would get gifts on the off chance that they had compassion for the Pilgrims and helped them, the neighborhood Native Americans told them the best way to get cod and utilize the parts not eaten as compost. They likewise acquainted the Pilgrims with quahogs, liners, and lobster, which they in the long run ate in urgency. Dealings with the Native Americans prompted our advanced festival of Thanksgiving, which would not have happened if the Pilgrims didn't continue their stomachs and ranches with cod. The Pilgrims in the long run built up angling stations in Gloucester, Salem, Dorchester, and Marblehead, Massachusetts, and Penobscot Bay, in what is presently Maine. Cod was found utilizing handlines, with bigger vessels cruising out to angling grounds and afterward sending two men in dories to drop a line in the water. At the point when a cod was gotten, it was pulled up by hand. Triangle Trade Fish were restored by drying and salting and showcased in Europe. At that point a triangle exchange built up that linkedâ cod to bondage and rum. Excellent cod was sold in Europe, with the settlers bought European wine, foods grown from the ground items. At that point brokers at that point went to the Caribbean, where they sold a low-end cod item called West India fix to take care of the prospering slave populace, and purchased sugar, molasses (used to make rum in the settlements), cotton, tobacco, and salt. Inevitably, New Englanders likewise moved captives to the Caribbean. Cod angling proceeded and made the settlements prosperous. Modernization of Fishing During the 1920s-1930s, progressively modern and viable techniques, for example, gillnets and draggers were utilized. Business cod gets expanded all through the 1950s. Fish handling strategies additionally extended. Freezing strategies and fileting hardware in the end prompted the advancement of fish sticks, promoted as a sound comfort food. Industrial facility ships began getting fish and freezing it out adrift. Angling Collapse Innovation improved and angling grounds turned out to be progressively serious. In the U.S., the Magnuson Act of 1976 disallowed remote fisheries from entering the restrictive monetary zone (EEZ) - 200 miles around the U.S. With the nonappearance of remote armadas, the hopeful U.S. armada extended, causing a more noteworthy decrease in fisheries. Today, New England cod anglers face exacting guidelines on their catch. Cod Today The business cod catch has diminished significantly since the 1990s because of exacting guidelines on cod angling. This has prompted an expansion in cod populaces. As indicated by NMFS, cod stocks on Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine are reconstructing to target levels, and the Gulf of Maine stock is not, at this point considered overfished. All things considered, the cod you eat in fish cafés may never again be Atlantic cod, and fishsticks are presently more generally made of other fish, for example, pollock. Sources CC Today. 2008. Deconstructing Thanksgiving: A Native American View. (On the web). Cape Cod Today. Gotten to November 23, 2009. Kurlansky, Mark. 1997. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. Walker and Company, New York. Upper east Fisheries Science Center. Brief History of the Groundfishing Industry of New England (Online). Upper east Fisheries Science Center. Gotten to November 23, 2009.

ISTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

ISTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ISTP: The Crafter (Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving) An Overview of the ISTP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 07, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ISTP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ISTPs View All ISTP (introverted, sensing, thinking, perceiving) is one of the 16 personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). People with ISTP personalities enjoy having time to think alone and are fiercely independent. ISTPs also love action, new experiences, hands-on activities, and the freedom to work at their own pace.?? Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell ISTPs enjoy taking things apart just to see how they work. They are logical and rational, but are more interested in practical applications than in abstract ideas. They love doing new things and can become bored with routines rather quickly. Key ISTP Characteristics People with an ISTP personality are results-oriented. When there is a problem, they want to quickly understand the underlying cause and implement some type of solution. ISTPs are often described as quiet, but with an easy-going attitude towards others.ISTPs enjoy new experiences and may often engage in thrill-seeking or even risk-taking behaviors. They often engage in risky or fast-paced hobbies such as motorcycling, hang gliding, bungee jumping, surfing or ice hockey. In some cases, they may seek out adventure by choosing careers in areas such as racing, flying, or firefighting.They prefer to make judgments based upon objective criteria rather than personal beliefs or values.ISTPs are not well attuned to the emotional states of others, and they can sometimes be seen as a bit insensitive. They also distance themselves from their own emotions, ignoring their feelings until they become overwhelming.One common myth about ISTPs is that they are the stoic, silent type. While they do tend to be reserved, this does not mean that they do not experience strong emotions. Instead, they are good at keeping a cool head, maintaining their objectivity, and coping with crisis.?? Strengths Logical Learns by experience Action-oriented Realistic and practical Enjoys new things Self-confident and easy-going Weaknesses Difficult to get to know Insensitive Grows bored easily Risk-taker Does not like commitment Cognitive Functions The MBTI suggests that people possess a number of different cognitive functions (thinking, sensing, feeling, and intuition) that can then be directed inwards (introverted) or outwards (extraverted). The hierarchical arrangement of these functions is what makes up each individuals personality, the MBTI suggests. The dominant function is the most prominent aspect of personality, although the auxiliary function also plays an important supporting role. The tertiary and inferior functions are less important and may operate on a largely unconscious basis or may become more apparent during times when a person is under stress.?? Dominant: Introverted Thinking ISTPs spend a great deal of time thinking and dealing with information in their own heads. This means they do not spend a great deal of time expressing themselves verbally, so they are often known as being quiet.It may seem like the ISTPs approach to decision-making is very haphazard, yet their actions are actually based upon careful observation and thought.They deal with the world rationally and logically, so they are often focused on things that seem practical and useful.Because they are so logical, ISTPs are good at looking at situations in an objective way and avoiding subjective or emotional factors when making decisions. People with this personality type can be difficult to get to know, often because they are focused so much on action and results rather than on emotions.?? Auxiliary: Extraverted Sensing ISTPs prefer to focus on the present and take on things one day at a time. They often avoid making long-term commitments and would rather focus on the here and now rather than think about future plans and possibilities.ISTPs tend to be very logical and enjoy learning and understanding how things operate. They might take apart a mechanical device just to see how it works.While they are good at understanding abstract and theoretical information, they are not particularly interested in such things unless they can see some type of practical application.?? Tertiary: Introverted Intuition This function often operates largely unconsciously in the ISTP personality. While they are not usually interested in abstract ideas, they may take such concepts and try to turn them into action or practical solutions.It is this function that is behind the gut feelings that ISTP sometimes experience when making a decision. By synthesizing information brought in by the dominant and auxiliary functions, this aspect of personality may be responsible for sudden aha moments of insight.?? Inferior: Extraverted Feeling This aspect of personality tends to operate in the background of the ISTP personality, but it can become more apparent during times of stress.During highly charged situations, ISTPs can sometimes lash out in sudden outbursts of emotion. They often ignore their own feelings until things reach a boiling over point, which can lead to displaying emotions in ways that can seem inappropriate.?? ISTPs You Might Know Clint Eastwood, actorZachary Taylor, U.S. PresidentAlan Shepherd, astronautAmelia Earhart, aviatorHan Solo, Star Wars character Personal Relationships ISTPs are introverts and they tend to be quiet and reserved. They thrive on new experiences and dislike strict routines. In relationships, they are highly independent and do not like to feel controlled. Making commitments is difficult for the ISTP, but will put a lot of effort into relationships that hold their interest. They do not often share their emotions with other people. While they enjoy hearing what other people think, they frequently keep their own opinions to themselves. For this reasons, people sometimes describe ISTPs as difficult to get to know. They often find friends who enjoy similar hobbies that they do and enjoy spending time with these friends as they pursue these activities.?? Career Paths Because ISTPs are introverted, they often do well in jobs that require working alone. ISTPs tend to dislike too much structure and do well in careers where they have a lot of freedom and autonomy. Because they are very logical, they often enjoy work that involves reasoning and hands-on experience. In particular, ISTPs like doing things that have practical, real-world applications.?? Popular ISTP Careers Forensic scienceEngineeringMechanicsComputer programmingCarpentryLaw enforcementSoftware engineerVideo game designerElectricianScientistPilotFirefighter Tips for Interacting With ISTPs Friendships ISTPs tend to be curious and even adventurous, but they also have a strong need to be alone at times. You can be a great friend by asking them to get out and pursue new things, but be ready to respect their need for peace and quiet when they are not feeling up to going out. Parenting If you are a parent to an ISTP child, you are probably well aware of their independent, adventurous nature. You can encourage their confidence by providing safe and healthy opportunities for them to explore things on their own. Provide rules and guidance, but be careful not to hover. Give your child plenty of hands-on learning, outdoor adventures, and opportunities to experiment with how things work. Relationships Because ISTPs live so strongly in the present moment, long-term commitments can be a real challenge. You can strengthen your relationship with your ISTP partner by being willing to take things day to day and by respecting their fierce need for independence.

ISTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

ISTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ISTP: The Crafter (Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving) An Overview of the ISTP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 07, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ISTP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ISTPs View All ISTP (introverted, sensing, thinking, perceiving) is one of the 16 personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). People with ISTP personalities enjoy having time to think alone and are fiercely independent. ISTPs also love action, new experiences, hands-on activities, and the freedom to work at their own pace.?? Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell ISTPs enjoy taking things apart just to see how they work. They are logical and rational, but are more interested in practical applications than in abstract ideas. They love doing new things and can become bored with routines rather quickly. Key ISTP Characteristics People with an ISTP personality are results-oriented. When there is a problem, they want to quickly understand the underlying cause and implement some type of solution. ISTPs are often described as quiet, but with an easy-going attitude towards others.ISTPs enjoy new experiences and may often engage in thrill-seeking or even risk-taking behaviors. They often engage in risky or fast-paced hobbies such as motorcycling, hang gliding, bungee jumping, surfing or ice hockey. In some cases, they may seek out adventure by choosing careers in areas such as racing, flying, or firefighting.They prefer to make judgments based upon objective criteria rather than personal beliefs or values.ISTPs are not well attuned to the emotional states of others, and they can sometimes be seen as a bit insensitive. They also distance themselves from their own emotions, ignoring their feelings until they become overwhelming.One common myth about ISTPs is that they are the stoic, silent type. While they do tend to be reserved, this does not mean that they do not experience strong emotions. Instead, they are good at keeping a cool head, maintaining their objectivity, and coping with crisis.?? Strengths Logical Learns by experience Action-oriented Realistic and practical Enjoys new things Self-confident and easy-going Weaknesses Difficult to get to know Insensitive Grows bored easily Risk-taker Does not like commitment Cognitive Functions The MBTI suggests that people possess a number of different cognitive functions (thinking, sensing, feeling, and intuition) that can then be directed inwards (introverted) or outwards (extraverted). The hierarchical arrangement of these functions is what makes up each individuals personality, the MBTI suggests. The dominant function is the most prominent aspect of personality, although the auxiliary function also plays an important supporting role. The tertiary and inferior functions are less important and may operate on a largely unconscious basis or may become more apparent during times when a person is under stress.?? Dominant: Introverted Thinking ISTPs spend a great deal of time thinking and dealing with information in their own heads. This means they do not spend a great deal of time expressing themselves verbally, so they are often known as being quiet.It may seem like the ISTPs approach to decision-making is very haphazard, yet their actions are actually based upon careful observation and thought.They deal with the world rationally and logically, so they are often focused on things that seem practical and useful.Because they are so logical, ISTPs are good at looking at situations in an objective way and avoiding subjective or emotional factors when making decisions. People with this personality type can be difficult to get to know, often because they are focused so much on action and results rather than on emotions.?? Auxiliary: Extraverted Sensing ISTPs prefer to focus on the present and take on things one day at a time. They often avoid making long-term commitments and would rather focus on the here and now rather than think about future plans and possibilities.ISTPs tend to be very logical and enjoy learning and understanding how things operate. They might take apart a mechanical device just to see how it works.While they are good at understanding abstract and theoretical information, they are not particularly interested in such things unless they can see some type of practical application.?? Tertiary: Introverted Intuition This function often operates largely unconsciously in the ISTP personality. While they are not usually interested in abstract ideas, they may take such concepts and try to turn them into action or practical solutions.It is this function that is behind the gut feelings that ISTP sometimes experience when making a decision. By synthesizing information brought in by the dominant and auxiliary functions, this aspect of personality may be responsible for sudden aha moments of insight.?? Inferior: Extraverted Feeling This aspect of personality tends to operate in the background of the ISTP personality, but it can become more apparent during times of stress.During highly charged situations, ISTPs can sometimes lash out in sudden outbursts of emotion. They often ignore their own feelings until things reach a boiling over point, which can lead to displaying emotions in ways that can seem inappropriate.?? ISTPs You Might Know Clint Eastwood, actorZachary Taylor, U.S. PresidentAlan Shepherd, astronautAmelia Earhart, aviatorHan Solo, Star Wars character Personal Relationships ISTPs are introverts and they tend to be quiet and reserved. They thrive on new experiences and dislike strict routines. In relationships, they are highly independent and do not like to feel controlled. Making commitments is difficult for the ISTP, but will put a lot of effort into relationships that hold their interest. They do not often share their emotions with other people. While they enjoy hearing what other people think, they frequently keep their own opinions to themselves. For this reasons, people sometimes describe ISTPs as difficult to get to know. They often find friends who enjoy similar hobbies that they do and enjoy spending time with these friends as they pursue these activities.?? Career Paths Because ISTPs are introverted, they often do well in jobs that require working alone. ISTPs tend to dislike too much structure and do well in careers where they have a lot of freedom and autonomy. Because they are very logical, they often enjoy work that involves reasoning and hands-on experience. In particular, ISTPs like doing things that have practical, real-world applications.?? Popular ISTP Careers Forensic scienceEngineeringMechanicsComputer programmingCarpentryLaw enforcementSoftware engineerVideo game designerElectricianScientistPilotFirefighter Tips for Interacting With ISTPs Friendships ISTPs tend to be curious and even adventurous, but they also have a strong need to be alone at times. You can be a great friend by asking them to get out and pursue new things, but be ready to respect their need for peace and quiet when they are not feeling up to going out. Parenting If you are a parent to an ISTP child, you are probably well aware of their independent, adventurous nature. You can encourage their confidence by providing safe and healthy opportunities for them to explore things on their own. Provide rules and guidance, but be careful not to hover. Give your child plenty of hands-on learning, outdoor adventures, and opportunities to experiment with how things work. Relationships Because ISTPs live so strongly in the present moment, long-term commitments can be a real challenge. You can strengthen your relationship with your ISTP partner by being willing to take things day to day and by respecting their fierce need for independence.

A Streetcar Named Desire Final Scene

Scene eleven (in some editions it is labeled as Act III Scene Five) of A Streetcar Named Desire takes place a few days after Blanche DuBois was raped by Stanley Kowalski. In between scene ten and eleven, how has Blanche processed the sexual assault? It seems that she has told her sister, Stella. however, having returned from the hospital with her first born child, and being fully aware that Blanche has become mentally unstable, Stella has chosen not to believe her story. Miss DuBois Is Being Sent Away Blanche still clings to fantasy, telling others that she is expecting to go away on a trip with her wealthy gentleman friend. During the last few days, Blanche has probably been maintaining her frail illusions to the best of her ability, staying hidden as best she can in the spare room, trying to hold onto what little privacy she has left. How has Stanley been behaving since the rape? The scene begins with yet another macho poker night. Stanley demonstrates no regret, no transformation -- his conscience seems a blank slate. Stella is waiting for a psychiatric doctor to arrive and take Blanche away to an asylum. She contemplates with her neighbor Eunice, wondering if she is doing the right thing. She refers to ​Blanches rape: Stella: I couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley! (Breaks, turns to Eunice, who takes her in her arms.) Eunice: (Holding Stella close.) Dont you ever believe it. Youve got to keep on goin honey. No matter what happens, weve all got to keep on going. Blanche steps out of the bathroom. The stage directions explain that there is a tragic radiance about her. The sexual assault seems to have pushed her further into delusion. Blanche fantasies (and probably believes) that she will soon be traveling on the sea. She imagines dying at sea, killed by the unwashed grape from the French Market, and compares the color of the ocean to that of her first loves eyes. The Strangers Arrive A psychiatric doctor and nurse arrive to take Blanche to a hospital for mental patients. At first, Blanche thinks that her wealthy friend Shep Huntleigh has arrived. However, once she sees the strange woman she begins to panic. She runs back into the bedroom. When she claims to have forgotten something, Stanley cooly explains, Now Blanche -- you left nothing here but split talcum and old empty perfume bottles, unless its the paper lantern you want to take with you. This suggests that Blanches entire life offers nothing of lasting value. The paper lantern is a device she has used to shield her looks and her life from the harsh light of reality. One last time, Stanley shows his addict disdain for her by tearing the lantern off of the light bulb and casting it down. Blanche grabs the lantern and tries to run away, but she is grappled by the nurse, and then all hell breaks loose: Stella screams and pleads for her sisters well-being.Eunice holds Stella back.Mitch, blaming the situation on his friend, attacks Stanley.The doctor enters and eventually calms Blanche (and everyone else). After looking at the kind doctor, Blanches demeanor changes. She actually smiles and says the plays famous line, Whoever you are - I have always depended on the kindness of strangers. The doctor and nurse lead her from the apartment. Stella, still wracked with mixed emotions, calls to her sister, but Blanche ignores her, perhaps now forever lost in her illusions. The Films Ending Vs. The Plays Final Moments It is important to note that in the Elia Kazan film, Stella seems to blame and reject Stanley. The movie adaptation implies that Stella will no longer trust her husband, and might actually leave him. However, in Tennessee Williams original play, the story ends with Stanley taking his sobbing with into his arms and soothingly saying: Now, honey. Now, love. The curtain falls as the men resume their poker game. Throughout the play, many of Blanche DuBois words and actions denote her revulsion of truth and reality. As she often states, she would much rather have magic, much rather live a fanciful lie rather than deal with the ugliness of the real world. And yet, Blanche is not the only delusional character in the play. Delusion and Denial During the final scene of A Streetcar Named Desire, the audience witnesses Stella adopting the delusion that her husband is trustworthy, that he did not, in fact, rape her sister. When Eunice says, No matter what happens, weve all got to keep going, she is preaching the virtues of self-deception. Tell yourself whatever you need to in order to sleep at night, in order to carry on with each day. Mitch adopts the delusion that Stanley is the only one responsible for Blanches undoing, eschewing any moral responsibility. Finally, even Stanley himself, the masculine character who prides himself on being down-to-earth, at facing life for what it is, falls prey to delusions. For one, he has always been more than a bit paranoid about her intentions, believing that Blanche has been trying to usurp him from his role as king of his castle. Just before raping Blanche he declares, Weve had this date with each other from the beginning, implying that Blanche has complied with the sexual act -- another delusion. Even in the last scene, while witnessing Blanches mental frailty in all its pathos, Stanley still believes that he has done nothing wrong. His powers of denial are stronger than that of Blanche DuBois. Unlike Stanley, she cannot skirt regret and guilt; they will continue to haunt her no matter how many illusions (or paper lanterns) she creates.

Philosophy Is What You Know - 1314 Words

British logician Bertrand Russel once opined, â€Å"Science is what you know. Philosophy is what you don t know†. Russell’s logic assumes philosophical discussion to be mere speculation. Russell’s logic aside, philosophies serve to provide an academic field its notional base. Serving as overarching theories, hypothetical philosophies are comprised of foundational principles and precepts. Like any conjectural philosophy, this one will speculate about effective leadership’s foundational precepts and principles. This treatise addresses four (4) foundational precepts and three (3) guiding principles comprising my personal philosophy toward effectual leadership. The Precepts A codified instruction, tenet, or canon, precepts regulate or govern†¦show more content†¦Idealized Influence (II) requires leaders to serve as an exemplar to followers. Inspirational Motivation (IM) obliges leaders to stimulate and encourage followers. Considered the most formative TL component, Individualized Consideration (IC) demands leaders hold developmental and supportive concern for followers. Finally, Intellectual Stimulation (IS) necessarily demands follower cognitive growth as a leader charge. Precept #3 deals with worthy leadership. Leaders must provide followers worthy leadership or cease to serve as leaders. Not all leaders are worthy leaders. In fact, research suggests most aren’t. Thompson, Grahek, Phillips, and Fay (2008) define worthy leaders as those with â€Å"ability to guide, direct, or influence people in a way that has great merit† (p. 366). In short, worthy leaders possess the â€Å"capacity, commitment, and character† to lead (p. 368). Take Hall-of-Fame basketball coach Bob Knight for example, Knight suggests he lost his fitness as a worthy leader by failing in his commitment to coaching at the highest level. â€Å"My competency was never in doubt†, explains Knight. â€Å"Nor was my character ever in question. I simply no longer wanted to suffer rigors or make personal sacrifices associated with coaching at a championship level.† Being a fully worthy leader demands leadersShow MoreRelated The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreI Am Gained Through Philosophy, Even For The Computer Science Student1712 Words   |  7 PagesThere is knowledge to be gained through philosophy, even for the computer science student. When I first learned that this was a required course for my degree curriculum, I did not believe I would find value in taking the course. Now I am going to present my evaluation of why I have changed my mind. What is the definition of philosophy? The dictionary would define it as â€Å"the study of the basic ideas about knowledge, truth, right and wrong, religion, and the nature and meaning of life†. My firstRead MoreIntro to Philosophy955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Philosophy Essay There are many reasons one should study philosophy. The study of philosophy can ultimately change the way a person lives and unlock some deep questions about the meaning of their life. Questions you ask yourself such as why you are doing the things you are doing or where your life is heading or what you want to become in life can be answered throughout the study of a philosophy course. Understanding philosophy is the key in motivating us as individuals to exploreRead MoreSocrates : A Classical Greek Philosopher And The Father Of Western Thought752 Words   |  4 PagesSocrates was a classical Greek Philosopher and the father of Western thought. He was born in Athens Greece, in (c. 470-399 B.C.E.) (Archetypes of Wisdom, 95) Little is known about his life, but what we do know through the writings of his students, especially Plato, is that Socrates had a unique philosophy and charisma. Socrates was born to Sophroniscus a sculptor, and mother Phaenarete, a midwife. Because he was not from a royal family it is assumed that he most likely received an ordinary GreekRead MoreWhat Role Does Philosophy Have in My Life?822 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Role Does Philosophy Have in my Life? In many circumstances individuals consider Philosophy to be a very abstract field, but what exactly is Philosophy? Philosophy studies the basic nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. What we must question is, would one be better off with or with out Philosophy? I consider that one should live a life with Philosophy. Philosophy consists of questioning man’s relationship to existence; if man does not question existence, are weRead MoreDescartes : The Father Of Modern Philosophy1055 Words   |  5 Pageson First Philosophy,† 182) Rene Descartes is widely considered the father of modern philosophy. He created many new ideas about the self, which is something that has been contested since the dawn of philosophy. Even now, the world is nowhere near a unified thought on the soul. Descartes is most famous for addressing this, and is often summarized by the famous â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am)†Descartes offers a great deal of important thought on what we as humans really are, what our soulRead MoreLeadership Philosophy : Leadership And Coaching Philosophy1621 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Coaching Philosophy If we want to study and explain a leadership and coaching philosophy. We have to know really well what a philosophy means. Philosophy is a theory or attitude held by a person or organization that acts as a guiding principle for behavior. Philosophy is defined as the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct (Mertz, 2014). Furthermore we need to know about what being a leader means. Leadership is having a vision, sharing thatRead MoreThink Philosophically1283 Words   |  6 Pagesvaluable aspects in our lives. We don t only provide our mind with education, but from other s experiences and our beliefs as well. The examples of philosophy based on my convictions, beliefs are: who created this universe, why does gravitational laws exists, and why is there no treatment for schizophrenia? I think what Russel clarifies in his philosophy is that we can t justify a belief without logical reasoning, therefore we have to discover the roots and the reasons by combining science, with otherRead MoreComponents Of An Educational Philosophy1038 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s philosophy is defined as, â€Å"A theory or attitude held by a person that acts as a guiding principle for behavior.† If a person’s philosophy shapes his or her actions, then it is vital for any professional to have a good philosophy in their profession, so their actions follow suit. Therefore, it is important for an educator to have a solid philosophy of education so that his or her teaching is effective and right before God. Six important components of an educational philosophy are metaphysicsRead MoreMy Per sonal Philosophy Has Changed My Life1351 Words   |  6 Pages My personal philosophy has grown greatly since starting Palmer College of Chiropractic. Before coming to school I did not know that even a philosophy existed. I knew I wanted to join this profession because I got a glimpse of what Chiropractic care can do to people. While deciding what school I wanted to attend, I weighed heavily how many techniques were taught, how many clubs were offered, and what study abroad options were available. Palmer Davenport was last on my list. I already sent in my

Unbelievable Horrors Free Essays

Aorta Criminal Justice Administration 201 American Military University Skinnier Nikkei Abstract In recent years, the lawmakers and criminal Justice experts have conveyed alarm regarding the growing prison population in elder prisons, along with the crumbling prison structures housing these inmates. While a majority of individuals agree this issue warrants immediate attention, the concurrence diminishes about how to attack this problem. A review of decisions set into place with laws, it has become clear that monetary confinements of elder prisons have become invisible barriers to the bargaining table. We will write a custom essay sample on Unbelievable Horrors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper compares the cost of renovating elder prisons to the costs of creating new facilities. This autopsy of decisions delves into the financial aspects of closing down older structures and whether or not it was cost beneficial. The numerous facilities coming into the â€Å"over-the-hill† age require an extensive examination to prevent monetary waste in the future. A Review of Decisions The dark side of humanity has existed for millennia. Some would contend that murder is the darkest, vial atrocity blanketing humanity. From the first documented Biblical fratricide involving Cain and Able, to recent homicides plaguing the media outlets, mankind has struggled to prevent these unbelievable horrors and reprimand the convicted. Society did not want these individuals roaming freely, as their unspeakable crimes invoked fear in the mind of every law-abiding citizen. Thus, structures were erected to cage the criminals and further prevent crimes against humanity. As time went on, more and more structures were needed to house the influx of criminals. Existing facilities were running beyond capacity and some were in deed of dire repair. The question put forth was, â€Å"Is it financially practical to renovate existing structures or to build entirely new ones? † Additional costs factors, such as food, clothing, healthcare, and educational programs, were itemized and incorporated into that equation. Converting elder prisons with substantial monetary confinements may and may not be the best practical solution. Looking into the closure of the Eastern State Penitentiary the following questions can be answered: 1 . Was it practical to close the Eastern State Penitentiary? 2. Is it financially beneficial to e-open the Eastern State Penitentiary? 3. Why build new facilities? 4. What are the plans for abandoned U. S. Prisons? Understanding the true reason for this prison closure could answer future questions regarding taking a facility out of operation. Whether it is a court-ordered ruling due to cruel and unusual punishment or asbestos issues creating a health concern, it is necessary to truly evaluate the closure and expose monetary waste. Incarceration as a form of punishment was first documented in the 1st millennia BC in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Suspected or guilty criminals awaited their death sentence or command to become a slave in underground facilities labeled dungeons. The Ancient Romans adopted even harsher methods of incarceration by building prisons exclusively underground with tight walkways and cells in pitch darkness. (Prison History. N. D. ). Time gave wa y to incarceration reform and the world’s first true prison, the Eastern State Penitentiary, was opened in 1829. Abandoning corporal punishment and harsh treatment of the inmates, the Eastern State Penitentiary was designed with complete and solitary confinement in mind to alp the criminal move to reflection and change their criminal ways. Was it practical to close the Eastern State Penitentiary? Situated on 11 acres near downtown Philadelphia, PA, the Eastern State Penitentiary was considered the most expensive American building during the sass’s and soon became the most famous prison in the world. The design, o’clock wings radiating outward from a central rotunda, allowed each o’clock with â€Å"central heat, running water, a flush toilet, and a skylight. † Additionally, each o’clock had an adjacent â€Å"private out door exercise yard contained by a 10-foot high wall. (U. S. History. Org. N. D. ). Originally built to hold 300 inmates, by the sass’s, it was forced to house over 2,000. Due to the costs of the inflated prison population, the subsequent cells, even those built underground, did not have skylights, lighting, or flushing toilets. By the sass’s, over 130 years after it was erected, the Eastern State Penitentiary was outdated and in need of extensive repairs. The neo-Gothic exterior has weathered the tests of time; however, the electrical and mechanical systems inside of the prison walls were deteriorating. The monetary resources needed to ring the structure back to its momentum were too vast and in 1971, the state of Pennsylvania closed the doors to the once famous prison. (Woodman, 2008). Is it financially beneficial to re-open the Eastern State Penitentiary? The city of Philadelphia, PA acquired the title to the Eastern State Penitentiary for $400,000 in 1984. Plans for redevelopment of the site were halted by pleas to then-Mayor Goode and all proposals were rejected for commercial use. In 1988, the first limited tours were given at the abandoned prison. The Pew Charitable Trusts held fundraisers to obtain financial resources for the preservation of the National Historic Landmark. These efforts began in 1991. (Easterner. Org, n. D. ) The trickle of money into the preservation and restoration of the prison filtered in at a snail’s pace. With the help of another fundraiser, the Eastern State raised over $5 million dollars in 2009. According to Annie Major, author of â€Å"Do We Really Still Need the Eastern State Penitentiary? â€Å", states $2 million dollars of the $5 million was spent â€Å"to conserve the prison synagogue, the Brillion millions, the print-shop roof, ND sections of the floor, perimeter wall and lights. † (Major, 2011). (One of the reasons the prison closed was due to the electrical systems needing repair. She expresses concern with the constant money pit of renovations, Just to keep the prison alive for the sake of tours. She feels at this rate, â€Å"the Eastern State could be a century-long, multi-million dollar project; one that will leave in our midst a fully restored, inoperative 19th-century prison. † The plan is not to re-build the prison but the end goal is to keep it in a â€Å"maintainable† ruin. According to the website, Radiochemical. Mom, the prison is a â€Å" safe place to be since it is so old it has no lead paint or asbestos. † (Radiochemical. Com, n. D. ). Imagining the repairs that were completed with $2 million dollars, it isn’t difficult to figure out that the costs of bringing the prison back to a full-scale operational facility would take less monetary resources than building a completely new prison. With the absence of asbestos and lead, thereby depleting the need for even more financial resources, bringing the prison back to handle over-crowding in other locations may not take as much money as once suspected. However, that isn’t what is currently planned for the state of Pennsylvania. Why build new facilities? The current Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Corbett, and the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Secretary John Went have allocated $400 million dollars on two 4,100-bed facilities and construction has already begun. The elder prison these two are replacing, Aggregated, had accepted the inmates from Eastern State. Governor Corbett and Secretary Wendell will not release the figures it would take to renovate Aggregated, only stating that the state of Pennsylvania will â€Å"save money by alluding more efficient facilities. † (Decelerate PA, n. D. ). The monetary costs of renovating the Eastern State Penitentiary has also been withheld. In the sass’s, when the decision was made to close the structure, the future prison population was unforeseen. Although, based on Eastern State’s experience with over-crowding, officials at that time knew there would not be enough space to house the influx of inmates. Yet, looking into the possibility of turning the Eastern State Penitentiary into a â€Å"super-Max† prison or a facility house only those on Pennsylvania death row would have been reviewed. The Eastern State prison could also have been used to house only those individuals for short-term prison sentences or the most violent, repeat offenders the state of Pennsylvania has witnessed. Now, there are two existing structures that could very well be renovated at a fraction of the costs of two new facilities. One is still in operation and the other is only open for public tours. Factor in the yearly operating costs statewide of all Pennsylvania prisons, there is a need to drastically curb waste and prevent unnecessary correctional structures. The fiscal year of 2010 brought about a $1. 6 billion dollar price tag for Pennsylvania prison expenditures. 22% of this figure was outside of the normal prisons operating costs. (Vera. Org, 2012). The average cost, per year, to house over 48,000 inmates was $42,339 per inmate. Adding to the $1. 6 billion dollars is the $400 million for two new facilities, thereby costing the average taxpayer over $3,000. (Vera. Org, 2012). Looking at other ways to significantly decrease the burdens placed on the taxpayers by housing, feeding, educating, and reforming the ballooning prison population, there needs to be a more thorough examination into allocating millions of dollars for new prisons instead of renovating existing structures. What are the plans for abandoned U. S. Prisons? Numerous prison facilities nationwide have been closed and/or abandoned in favor of more modern and spacious correctional facilities. Some of these locations have turned into utter wastelands. Take for instance, the Old Essex County Prison in Newark, N. J. As a testament to time, the unabated decay has turned into a haven of drug addicts finding refuge in the old prison cells. Condemning the property will not reverent serious injury or death and its negligence is far too severe to be restored structurally. Another location that sits idle is the former Missouri State Penitentiary. This prison opened its doors in 1831 and was fully operational for 168 years. (Longer than the Eastern State Penitentiary. ) It finally closed its doors in 2004. The monetary confinements by the state prevented any type of serious renovations and public tours began in 2006. (As of 01 October 2013, the public tours have been suspended due to a site assessment finding mold in sections of the prison. ) Due to the state of Missouri lading the title to the property and a dwindling economy, the future looks very bleak for â€Å"the bloodiest 47 acres west of the Mississippi. Lastly, the West Virginia State Penitentiary in Mountainside, W. V. Opened for operations 1876. Through its history, the West Virginia State Penitentiary made the United States Department of Corrections Top Ten Most Violent Correctional Facilities. In 1986, the West Virginia State Supreme Court ruled that the ex. foots cells were deemed cruel and unusual punishment. 9 years later, in 1995, the West Virginia State Peni tentiary closed its doors for good. Today, public tours of the facility are the only operations occurring at this once notorious prison. As structures age and the prison population continues to increase, more and more facilities are being ushered in to deal with this revolving door off problem. Left in the wake are structurally sound buildings with very little to no use to the state or the cities they sit in. Other than daily public tours and haunted houses every Halloween, these buildings could have potential to save the taxpayers of the state millions of dollars annually. Instead of wasteful spending to build new facilities, existing ones an be renovated to comply with current federal and state laws at half the cost. How to cite Unbelievable Horrors, Papers

Employee Relations and Human Resource Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Employee Relations and Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction This paper develops work plans for The National Camper Trailers Ltd Pty. The paper also develops a formal warning process for campers and determines the resources required to allocate the tasks required to be accomplished in the job. A performance management and review process for National Camper Trailer is developed to gauge the performance of the organization. The performance measurement systems used in the company are analyzed and the feedback sessions are also analyzed in this assessment. In addition to these, the text describes the program of training the staff in performance management and the performance management of all staff in the organization is reviewed and the feedback is used to undertake corrective action. In order to develop work plans, it is important to consult line managers and supervisors. This is because they will help in understanding the tasks that needs to be accomplished in their particular departments and the work flow in these departments. Consulting the line and departmental managers will also help to understand the specialization and the role that each employee is best suited for and therefore ensure everyone is allocated a role that fits them best (DelPo, 2015). The resources that are available to accomplish the work plans include Expo Trucks and vehicles, land and buildings, manufacturing equipment, spare parts and caravans. There is also high demand for human resource since the industry is labor intensive. Task name Assigned to Engineering works. This position involves activities such as trailers, wielding, working on chassis, suspension, laser alignment, towing points and balancing trailers) Billy(overseeing 15 other staff) Fit-out to ensures that the caravans meet the specifications of customers Michael(20 staff) Accounting and cash flow-budgeting and budget monitoring, managing cash flow and paying suppliers Sheryl Human resource and work in process, allocating task to workers, managing payroll and implementing Hr programs and policies. Recruitment and disciplining employees Heather Sales and marketing,-establishing good customer relations, managing the Expo truck tours, overseeing the advertising and promotional activities. Dale and Sheryl Formal warning process work plan This is the process of warning an employee whose performance has not improved despite the numerous attempts to improve their performance. The following are the steps to help conduct a formal under-performance meeting. Arrange to meet the employee at a place with minimum interruptions Inform the employee of the reasons you want to meet him Describe the under-performance issue Identify steps taken thus far to resolve the issue Listen to the response of the employees Consider the response of the employee Give new targets and follow up process There are different methods used to measure the performance of an employee. Some of these measures depend on the goals and objectives of the company. The performance of the employees at NCT will be on the basis of; percentage increase in profits, percentage increase in the num6ber of customers, increase in advertising and promotion activities, accuracy of budgets and reduction of costs of the organization. The performance management review also conducts the review in accordance with the policies of NCT that requires employees not to be distracted from performing their work appropriately. The performance management process of the company involves planning, coaching and reviewing the processes. A formal database can be formed and to store data on individual performance of each and every employee. The database can be used as a source of reference in future when reviewing the performance of an employee. Staff training programs will be developed to train staff on how to follow their work schedules and to accomplish their personal and organizational objectives. To train employees on performance management processes created, I would organize training sessions and train them on how to develop individual work schedules. The work schedules should be weakly and they should depend on the tasks allocated to an employee by the supervisor (Debrincat, 2014). The employees should prioritize the tasks and give them weight. By weighing the tasks, an employee will be able to know which task to perform first and which tasks should be performed last. In order to manage performance, employees need to set goals and objectives that are line with those of the organization. Methods of measuring performance on a daily basis should be determined so as to give an employee a road map that they should follow in order to accomplish the goals and objectives. An employee should compare their daily performance against their organizational and personal target so as to help determine the employee has performed as expected or not. Informal feedback is of great importance in an organization and it plays an important role in improving the performance of an individual employee and in motivating an employee. Informal performance feedback refers to assessing the performance of an employee from a neutral human point of view depending on the way they conduct themselves and how they carry out their activities may motivate employees to work harder and hence achieve their performance targets. I would advise employees on areas where they are not performing well depending on how they accomplish tasks allocated to them. For example, if an employee in the customer care and public relations department speaks rudely to customers, I will tell them to moderate their language and temperament and be friendlier to customers since they are at the core of the existence of the company. I would approach the employees in an informal and friendly manner so that they can take the positively and act appropriately. This would help to accomplish the achievement of individual employees. Some employees who lack the requisite experience to perform tasks in an organization may require on job training in order to help them improve performance. In order to improve the performance of an employee by providing on job training, I need to identify the areas where the employee is under-performing and them re-schedule my work to allow myself time which can be used to offer practical lessons to the employee and to demonstrate and give them advice on how they can accomplish their tasks. The customer satisfaction was low. This is one of the most important measures of employees performance. When the performance Craig Norton is weighed and compared to the performance standards of the company,it can be seen that he performs terribly. This is because,the employee has failed to implement his task of listening to employees complaints and addressing them or forwarding them to the management team. The feedback on the performance of the employee should be conducted by writing to the employee and informing them of a performance evaluation meeting. The message should explain why the employee is needed to attend the meeting and the questions they are required to answer. The employee will be allowed to present their case after which a feedback will be given depending on the information available and explanation by the employee. For Damian Townsend, daily performance review and monitoring will be done in order to ensure that the employee in the fit-out session meets his low targets and exceeds them since they are very low compared to fellow employees. Damian will be required to report to the supervisor`s office every day for evaluation of his work. Weekly monitoring will also be done. Two hours of training on fit-out per day should be allocated for providing Damian with an opportunity to practice and gain extra knowledge on the fit-out department of the organizations. I would also spare leisure time and train Damian on fit-out so that he can get a chance to improve his performance. The employee needs to be offered counselling services on the importance of performing well at work. These services will be offered once in every week. I agree with the performance improvement plan presented to me and am committed to doing everything required of me to fulfill the plan. In this scenario, I see no need of a human resource specialist. This is because, the poor performance of Damian Townsend is down to lack of experience and knowledge on the department and tasks which he was allocated. The solution to this problem is therefore to train the employee or allocate them tasks that they are good at and hence maximize their value to the organization. I would reinforce performance of Damian by recognizing when he improves in performing some tasks and also congratulating him for his effort and desire to learn how to do the job. This will motivate him to worker harder and to learn at a faster rate. Continuous feedback will help in monitoring the performance of the employee and therefore help in taking measures to help them improve further. I would counsel Damian by trying to show him the importance of the honoring the meetings and improving his performance at the workplace. I would issue him with a stern warning and tell him that his job was in line since his performance was disastrous and almost all employees were twice as productive as a he was. The disciplinary process would involve calling him for a meeting and giving him a formal written warning. In order to dismiss an employee for gross misconduct and under-performance, a clear disciplinary process has to be laid down. I would give the employee at least three written warnings before taking the decision to fire him. I also need to be aware of constructive discharge. I would ensure that the working conditions are suitable for the employee to perform tasks and therefore they cannot make this excuse. The files that should be used to record the performance of employees include; daily employee performance evaluation file, weekly performance file, and monthly performance file. A form of evaluating the behavior of employees at work also needs to be kept. The other documentation is that of the personal performance targets of the employee which can be used as a basis of assessment of performance. References Debrincat, G. R. A. C. E. (2014). Effectiveness of performance appraisal systems: Employee relations and human resource management. S.l.: Anchor Academic Publishing. DelPo, A. (2015). The performance appraisal handbook: Legal practical rules for managers. Berkeley, CA: NOLO.

Contrastive Linguistics Essay Example

Contrastive Linguistics Paper Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009): 153–168 Biljana Bozinovski Ljubljanska borza, d. d. , Ljubljana The Language of the Stock Exchange – A Contrastive Analysis of the Lexis V clanku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Izrazje (samostalniske zveze) obeh jezikov smo protistavili tako v strukturnem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrilo vec protistavnih znacilnosti, med drugim razlicni nacini ubeseditve istega pojma, terminoloske praznine in lazni prijatelji, slovensko borzno terminologijo pa zaznamujejo tudi angleske tujke. The article analyzes the language of the stock exchange from a Slovene-English contrastive viewpoint. The specialized lexis of the two languages was juxtaposed as to the structural and semantic differences of their respective terms and expressions (nominal phrases), revealing such contrastive phenomena as different conceptualizations, terminological gaps and false friends, while the Slovene stock exchange terminology is also characterized by English foreignisms. 1. Introduction James characterizes contrastive analysis (CA) as a hybrid linguistic discipline (1989: 4), since it is neither particularist nor generalist and is interested both in the immanent genius of a language and in the ways in which one language compares to other languages. CA does not strive to classify languages and is interested both in the differences and similarities between them. Having had strictly pedagogical implications at first, the theoretical foundations of CA were initially laid down by Robert Lado in his Linguistics Across Cultures (1957). We will write a custom essay sample on Contrastive Linguistics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Contrastive Linguistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Contrastive Linguistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lado supported the conviction that if learners of a foreign language (L2) were made aware of the ways in which their mother tongue (L1) and L2 differed, this would facilitate foreign language learning. He went even further by claiming that the elements of L2 that are similar to the learners’ L1 will prove simple to learn, with those that are different being difficult. Lado was the first to suggest a systematic set of technical procedures for the contrastive study of languages; this included descriptions of languages and their comparisons as well as predictions of L2 learning difficulties. In its most ambitious phrasing, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed to be able to predict all learners’ errors committed in using an L2. However, empirical studies conducted during the 1970s could not sustain this claim, making it clear that CA could only predict certain problematic areas for learners and some of the errors they are bound to make in their versions of L2 (James 1989: 145; my italics). All comparisons work on the basis of the assumption that the entities to be compared have certain things in common, and that any differences between them can be laid 54 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) against this common background. A CA thus always involves a common linguistic platform of reference, against which contrastive deviations are stated. This common platform is termed tertium comparationis (TC). Depending on the adopted TC, the same aspects of language may turn out be similar or different (Krzeszowski 1990: 16). In syntactic and lexi cal contrastive studies, the TC is often taken to be formal or semantic correspondence (ibid. , chiefly in combination. Contrastive linguistics is not a unified field of study. The focus may be on general or on language specific features. The study may be theoretical (theoretical CA), without any immediate application, or it may be applied (applied CA), i. e. carried out for a specific purpose (Fisiak 1981: 2–3). Further, Gabrovsek (2005: 75–6) points out that contrastive work can be done at the levels of: phonology, graphology, lexicology, grammar, and textology. This is why any contrastive work must necessarily be limited in scope and thus always represent but a fragment of the overall contrastive landscape of a given pair of languages. Contrastive lexicology is the contrastive study of the vocabularies of two (or more) languages. It concerns itself with the transposition of lexical items from L1 to L2 and vice-versa, facing such difficulties as culture-bound vocabulary, interlingual mismatches, lexical gaps, etc (ibid. : 62–194). Equivalence between lexical items in two languages can be complete (trgovalni dan—trading day), partial (organizirani trg—regulated market), or nil (TUVL; insider). There are two possible scenarios in transposing such problematic lexical units: either the L2 equivalent is completely unknown to us (what, for example, is narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine in English), which might lead to considerable confusion or even a communication breakdown, or we are uncertain as to the correct collocate (is SLO organizator trga EN market organizer or market operator? , which may make our L2 unidiomatic, but does not impede successful communication. Depending on the pattern and environment it appears in, a lexical item will typically benefit from additional semantic shading imposed by the surrounding lexical elements (semantic tailoring), and often consequently receive different counterparts in L2. Note the pairs svezenj—bundle, avkcija—auction, maj hen—small, but (in a stock exchange context) svezenj—block (trade), prekinitvena avkcija—volatility interruption, mali vlagatelj—retail investor. The collocator and the base, even if lexically predictable in L2, may appear in the opposite order in the two languages (zascita vlagateljev—investor protection) or be joined by a different preposition (trgovati z obveznicami—trade in bonds). Another collocation-related problem, interlingually, is false friends: (borzna) kotacija ? (market) quotation. Lexicological CA also deals with divergent polysemy (vzdrzevalec likvidnosti—liquidity provider or market maker). This article focuses on lexical contrastive studies and chooses as its TC the English and Slovene lexis of the language of the stock exchange, juggling between formal and semantic equivalence of the terms and expressions in the two languages. Taking the Slovene-English contrastive viewpoint, we focused on nominal phrases (NPs), which have been examined as to the types of (non-)correspondence, on the structural as well as semantic level. The aim of this article has not been a discussion of terminology as such; terminology is here solely the object of contrastive lexicology, which lies at the core of this paper. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 155 As to the structural aspect, a divergence had been expected of the following kind: SLO simple NP complex NP EN simple NP complex NP complex NP simple NP On the semantic level, an occasional discrepancy had been anticipated between the meaning of a particular NP in isolation and that in a particular context (in different word combinations, most notably collocations), semantic tailoring being a feature of not only LGP (language for general purposes) but also LSP (language for special purposes). We had thus expected NPs to have different translation equivalents in different environments. English being the lingua franca of the financial world, we had also expected to find the English terms to be of a much more specialized nature than their Slovene counterparts. 2. Materials and methods The present CA entailed a lexicological comparison of pairs of (original) Slovene and (translated) English texts used in the regular operations of the Ljubljana Stock Exchange Inc. (LJSE). In juxtaposing texts with the same TC—the common platform for comparison was stock exchange terminology—pairs of lexemes (terms and expressions) relevant to our discussion were singled out and compared as to their structural and semantic properties. Given that we dealt with an LSP, our primary concern was with NPs, which constitute the main part of any LSP. The analysis was based on the thus-compiled database of over 1,000 pairs of headwords, of which only a selection appears in this article. 3. Analysis 3. 1. SLO: simple NP > avkcija CVS delnica delnicar dividenda glavnica indeks izdaja nalozba narocilo obveznica posel EN: simple NP auction NAV share shareholder dividend principal index issue investment order bond trade 156 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) 3. 1. SLO: simple NP > promet sklad svezenj trg EN: simple NP (continued) turnover fund block market The logical English equivalents for promet, posel and izdaja in general language or in isolation would be, for example, traffic, business and betrayal, with bond, auction and share being translated into Slovene as vez, drazba and delez, but in a stock exchange context the respective equivalents are LSP specific and uncontroversial. Svezenj and trg prove more problematic. The former can either be translated as block (of securities) or as block trade, since it can refer to a particular quantity of securities or to a trade executed in that particular quantity of securities—both svezenj in Slovene. Trg can either be rendered as single-word market or compound order book, depending on the context. In the case of the securities market in general, trg is equivalent to the EN market, but in combination with the trading platform and orders placed in the trading system, trg will normally be order book (narocila na trgu—orders sitting in the order book). SLO avkcija and dividenda are LSP terms of an international character, having been adopted from English (which their English counterparts clearly show), while the others are Slovene words. While avkcija, trg, izdaja, and narocilo are polysemous words of widespread use in Slovene LGP and only obtain specialized meanings when used in proper stock exchange contexts, dividenda, sklad, delnica, glavnica, nalozba and obveznica are financial terms of an inherently terminological nature. In English, the situation is slightly different; only dividend and investment belong to the financial field, while all other words have a wide range of uses and senses. In their full versions, CVS (cista vrednost sredstev) and NAV (net asset value) are structurally divergent but lexically transparent. . 2. SLO: simple NP borza dokapitalizacija kupnina lot nezaupnica pooblascenec pripojitev Statut VEP > EN: complex NP [N+N] [N+N] [N+N] [Adj+N] [N+PP] [N+N] [N+PP] [N+PP] [N+PP] stock exchange capital increase purchase price trading unit vote of no confidence proxy holder merger by acquisition Articles of Association NAV per unit Except for dokapitalizacija—capital increase, kupnina purchase price, pripojitev—merger by acquisition and nezaupnica—vote of no confidence, which share at least some lexical elements, the remaining pairs are lexically completely divergent. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 157 3. 3. SLO: simple NP > EN: simple NP [N+N] [Adj+NP] [Adj+N] [N+PP] [Adj+NP] [N+N] [Adj+N] [N+PP] [N+N] [Adj+N] [Adj+N] unit futures point delisting derivative tick LJSE quote (n. ) ticket ticker security enota premozenja financne terminske pogodbe indeksna tocka izkljucitev iz (borznega) trga izvedeni financni instrument korak kotacije Ljubljanska borza narocilo za nakup in prodajo stevilka posla trgovalna koda vrednostni papir The lexically completely divergent Ljubljanska borza and LJSE deserve a word of mention. While having an adjectival premodifier (denoting the place) and a simple nominal head (denoting the institution) in Slovene, English lexicalizes the concept differently in several respects. First, Ljubljana in Ljubljana Stock Exchange is a nominal premodifier, as opposed to the adjective ljubljanski. Further, the simple borza has a complex equivalent in English, namely the compound stock exchange, the two terms being lexically miles apart (the word borza itself has nothing in common with stocks or securities or exchanges of any kind). What is more, all this is packaged into an English acronym of the stock exchange name, thus LJSE, which is common practice with English names of stock exchanges (New York Stock Exchange—NYSE, London Stock Exchange—LSE, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations— NASDAQ), while less so in Slovene. The Slovene name of the exchange either appears in its full form or is shortened to borza. English abbreviations and acronyms are a common feature of stock exchange terminology and have penetrated Slovene in their original forms in large numbers. Examples include ETF (exchange traded fund—indeksni vzajemni sklad), SI (systematic internalizer—sistematicni internalizator), MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive—direktiva o trgu financnih instrumentov), OTC (over-the-counter, which has no lexicalized equivalent in Slovene), FOK (fill-or-kill—narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine). In these cases, there are no equivalent Slovene abbreviations (although descriptive equivalents do exist), since the English ones are recognized and actively used by all Slovene speakers of the LSP in question. Note also the difference between the highly idiomatic fill-or-kill as opposed to the descriptive Slovene expression. 3. 4. 3. 4. 1. SLO: complex NP > EN: complex NP Structurally and lexically transparent equivalents auction trading brokerage house avkcijsko trgovanje borznoposredniska hisa 158 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) 3. 4. 1. Structurally and lexically transparent equivalents (continued) electronic trading financial instrument institutional investor public company trading day elektronsko trgovanje financni instrument institucionalni vlagatelj javna druzba trgovalni dan Note further instances of the so-called international words in both columns, underlining the international character of the terminology: avkcijsko—auction, financni—financial, instrument—instrument, elektronsko—electronic, institucionalni—institutional. Although we do have a native Slovene word for institution, which is ustanova, there is no semantically corresponding Slovene adjective (ustanovni in this case would be a false friend); this is why the Slovene term employs the international premodifier. 3. 4. 2. Structurally parallel, lexically unpredictable equivalents official market regulated market retail investor semi-official market average price initial public offering bullish market registered shares private bonds government bonds open-end fund borzna kotacija organizirani trg mali vlagatelj prosti trg enotni tecaj prva javna prodaja bikovski trend imenske delnice podjetniske obveznice javne obveznice vzajemni sklad Here we have NPs of the uniform structure Adj+N on both sides, and what is problematic is the lexical choices—either of premodifiers or of heads. In place of official one would expect a fusion with the words stock exchange (judging from borzen). Kotacija does have a direct translation, namely quotation, but the English term refers to the highest bid or lowest ask price available on a security at any given time and thus the two are false friends. The very specific Slovene term borzna kotacija, which stands for the part of the LJSE regulated market intended for companies complying with strict reporting and disclosure obligations, only has one equivalent in English, namely official market. For organizirani trg, many would expect organized market, which, however, is a mistranslation. Instinctively, and not being familiar with stock exchange terminology, a translator might also be tempted to translate the seemingly unproblematic mali vlagatelj as something like small investor, which would of course result in implications divorced from the stock exchange context. If looked at in isolation, prost, enoten, prodaja, trend, imenski, kotacija, podjetniski, javen would all get translations different from those in the above right B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 59 column. Here they appear in typical multi-word lexical items from the language of the stock exchange, and demand specific equivalents. The above pairs are also illustrative of the different conceptualizations in the two languages. Take podjetniske obveznice—they are not *entrepreneurial bonds or *company bonds, but rather private bonds. What is more, although one might expect, in view of the l ogic of things, the opposite of private to be public bonds, English nevertheless calls them government bonds (while Slovene does see them as public, thus javne obveznice). 3. 4. 3. Structurally divergent, lexically parallel equivalents 3. 4. 3. a. Opposite order of lexemes or different parts of speech delnica [prostega trga] druzba za upravljanje [dvotirni] sistem [vodenja druzb] indeks [blue-chip delnic] indeks [celotnega trga] indeks obveznic posel s sveznjem struktura prometa vzdrzevalec likvidnosti N+[NP] N+PP [Adj]+N+ [NP] N+[NP] N+[NP] N+N N+PP N+N N+N [semi-official market] share management company [two-tier management] system blue-chip index [total market] index bond index block trade turnover structure liquidity provider [NP]+N N+N [NP+N]+ N N+N [NP]+N N+N N+N N+N N+N In phrases with indices, Slovene has plural nominal postmodifiers in the genitive case (indeks obveznic), while English will typically lexicalize the same concept though a singular nominal premodifier in the nominative (bond index). The delnice part of the respective Slovene NPs (indeks blue-chip delnic, indeks delnic investicijskih skladov) has a nil realization in English (blue-chip index, investment fund index). 3. 4. 3. b. Structurally different premodifiers avkcijsko trgovanje celotna trzna kapitalizacija delniska druzba osnovni kapital presezni certifikat tekoci podatki trzna kapitalizacija trzno narocilo cenovno obcutljiva informacija dobro pouceni vlagatelj auction trading total market capitalization joint-stock company share capital outperformance certificate real-time data market capitalization market order price-sensitive information well-informed investor 160 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) Slovene uses adjectival premodifiers where English has nominal ones, except in the last two cases, which both share the structure of a nominal head premodified by an adjective and even share the same head, but employ different premodifiers; the Slovene premodifier has the head obcutljiv premodified by the adverb cenovno, whereas in English the same information is lexicalized through a compound composed of a noun (price) and an adjective (sensitive). . 4. 3. c. Structurally different postmodifiers delnice investicijskih skladov predcasni odkup delnic stopnja donosa trzna kapitalizacija obveznic shares of investment funds early redemption of shares rate of return market cap of bonds The recurrent pattern here is a nominal postmodifier in the genitive case in Slovene as opposed to a postmodifying prepositional phrase (PP)—typically the of-phrase, as shown by all of the above examples—in English. Both groups of postmodifiers have the same function (namely that of expressing genitival relations), irrespective of their having different constructions; Slovene being a synthetic language, its expression of the genitive involves attaching genitival suffixes on postmodifying nouns, with English, an analytic language, having the same content expressed through an independent morpheme (the preposition of). Postmodifiers may be PPs on both sides, but with different heads: sredstva v upravljanju trgovanje z obveznicami sistematicni internalizator za delnice 3. . 4. N+PP N+PP NP+PP assets under management N+PP trading in bonds N+PP systematic internalizer in NP+PP shares Structurally and lexically divergent equivalents EN BTS trading system GBD brokerage house market maker TUVL segment 3. 4. 4. a. Explanatory equivalent BTS GBD TUVL segment The acronym TUVL stands for Trg uradnih vzdrzevalcev likvidnosti, BTS for borzni trgovalni sistem and GBD for Gorenjska borznoposredniska hisa, none o f which have English counterparts. There are other Slovene acronyms and abbreviations that do not have direct English equivalents and need explanatory phrases when being translated into English, e. g. , CTG (celotna globina trga), ATVP (Agencija za trg vrednostnih paprijev), KDD (Centralna klirinsko depotna druzba), DZU (druzba za upravljanje), ID (investicijska druzba), PID (pooblascena investicijska druzba), and others. Disregarding the names of institutions, only a few are left, a situation B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 161 somewhat different from that in English, which abounds in abbreviated forms. These, in turn, do typically not require explanatory Slovene phrases to be understood by Slovenes, being used world-wide by the speakers of the LSP in question. Slovene abbreviations, on the other hand, are not self-explanatory or known to English speakers, and therefore do need explanations. Cf. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents Below are a few groups of recurrent constructions that appear in the two languages as equivalent: SLO: NP [NP(nomin. )+NP(gen. )] [Kodeks upravljanja] [javnih delniskih druzb] SLO: NP [N(nomin. )+N(gen. ] nihanje cen obrat kapitalizacije placilo kuponov revizija indeksov SLO: NP [N(nomin. )+NP(gen. )] indeks [delnic borznega in prostega trga] EN: NP [NP+N] [Corporate Governance] Code EN: NP [N+N] price volatility turnover rate coupon payment index review EN: NP [NP+N] [total market] index Note the contrastively problematic EN index review (similarly index performance, index structure, index constituents, etc), where the premodifying noun index is always in the singular, both if referring to a single index (SLO revizija indeksa) or several (SLO revizija indeksov). This calls for an attentive English-Slovene translator who must infer from context. SLO: NP [N(nomin. )+NP(gen. )] datum [zapadlosti zadnjega kupona] SLO: NP [N(nomin. )+N (gen. )] institut izstopa institut iztisnitve oddelitev druzbe SLO: NP [NP+PP] [prvi trgovalni dan] [brez upravicenja do dividende] [izvedeni financni instrumenti] [na blago] SLO: NP [NP/N+PP] [borzni clan] [z oddaljenim dostopom] narocilo [s preudarkom] EN: NP [N+N] coupon date EN: NP [cpd] sell-out squeeze-out spin-off EN: NP [N+N] ex-dividend date commodity derivatives EN: NP [Adj+N] remote member discretionary order 62 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) SLO: NP [N+PP] delnice [v borzni kotaciji] 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents (continued) SLO: NP [N+PP] poslovanje [s sveznji] prenosi [med racuni istega imetnika] trgovanje [z vrednostnimi papirji] trgovanje [na podlagi notranjih informacij] SLO: NP [N+PP] potrdilo o pravnomocnosti SLO: NP [Adj+N] (borzni) clan kosovne delnice pr esecni datum EN: NP [NP+N] [official market] shares EN: NP [N+N] block trading inter-accounts management securities trading insider dealing EN: NP [N(gen. )+NP] court’s [finality seal] EN: NP [N/NP+N] member (firm) [no par value] shares record date The above lists of corresponding construction patterns are far from exhaustive. We have merely made an attempt at classifying selected NPs both according to their structural (congruent or divergent) and lexical (transparent or oblique) properties, trying to show that there are innumerable patterns of correspondence between the two languages. 4. Discussion and conclusion The present analysis has mapped out a complex web of interlingual correspondences between Slovene and English terms and expressions from the language of the stock exchange. The CA focused on the form of the identified pairs of NPs as well as on problems of meaning, discovering such interlingual difficulties as divergent polysemy, false friends, conceptual and lexical gaps. This was expected, since languages are known to differ in an unsystematic and largely unpredictable manner as to expressing the same content. We will now present our findings under the following three headings: a. Translation correspondence. Lexical (terminological) gaps The analysis has shown the prevalent type of translation correspondence between the identified Slovene and English NPs to be partial correspondence; it involves structural non-congruence, often coupled with complexities of meaning. Example pairs include: pooblascenec—proxy holder, trgovalna koda—ticker, posel s sveznjem—block trade, trzna kapitalizacija—market capitalization, promet clanov—turnover by member firms, nominalne delnice—par value shares, etc. There were also instances of complete correspondence, where the English and Slovene NPs were both structurally and semantically congruent, but these were a minority. Examples include: promet—turnover, trgovalni dan—trading day. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 163 Examples of nil correspondence between English and Slovene NPs have revealed lexical (or, rather terminological) gaps in the languages of the stock exchange, where certain concepts exist or have been lexicalized in one language but not in the other. English terms for which there are no ready-made Slovene equivalents include insider, blue-chip, OTC, and many others. Our expectations regarding the three types of translation equivalence to be found between lexical items in two languages, as laid down in the Introduction, have thus been confirmed. English is the lingua franca of business and finance, and this is also reflected (interlingually) in the language of the stock exchange. New concepts and terms for them are born in the Anglophone West, while the rest of the world adopts the English terminology and mostly just localizes it to a certain extent, often failing to come up with language-specific equivalent terms. As a result, Slovene stock exchange terminology abounds in carbon copies of English terms (blue-chip indeks, sistematicni internalizator, insajder), directly modelled upon their English counterparts, and descriptive expressions (izvedeni financni instrument, trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij, prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende). Especially tricky are virtually untranslatable English terms that have no lexical equivalent in Slovene at all (mistrade, market maker, OTC, hedge fund). Problematic as to their Slovene equivalents are also the idiom-like pumping dumping, painting the tape, wash sales, scalping, etc. When there are no ready-made translation equivalents (lexical, conceptual gaps), there are at least three options—a) to make up a new Slovene term, b) to opt for a descriptive equivalent, or c) to try to find an approximate â€Å"functional† equivalent. Descriptive expressions (posli, pri katerih je sprememba lastnistva financnih instrumentov zgolj navidezna for wash sales) can be long-winded. Functional equivalents (narocilo s skrito kolicino is a type of order very similar to iceberg order, but not identical to iceberg) can be inaccurate. The third option, to invent a new term, lies outside the scope of translation work, since in LSP it is not customary for translators to decide on preferred terms for concepts. These are for experts to agree on (sometimes in cooperation with linguists). Once they become used and catch on, the translator may recognize them as legitimate equivalents, based on expert advice, but not before, lest they become ghost words, i. e. terms that exist on paper, but not in actual use. There are also some Slovene terms with no mirror-image English equivalents, which is a general feature of any terminology, not just the language of the stock exchange. TUVL, BTS, and the like are limited to terms for concepts unique to the Slovene stock exchange trading platform. We can therefore speak of conceptual gaps. They are translated into English through explanatory equivalents, e. g. , market maker TUVL segment. b. Interference. Collocations, false friends and the like It is a known fact that language learners (translators as non-native speakers of an L2 included) are inclined to draw analogies with their L1 when constructing lexical units in L2. When the two languages overlap in their formal, semantic or grammatical features, this leads to positive transfer and correct L2 lexical items (terms and expressions). Slovene terms such as mednarodni razpis, nalozba, dividenda, obveznica and 164 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) their English translations are parallel in all of the above respects and thus unproblematic in translational and contrastive terms. If the formal, semantic or grammatical features of L1 and L2, however, do not overlap, or if they do but only partially (when meanings agree, but not forms, or the other way around), then constructing L2 terms on the analogy with L1 ones leads to lexical errors and we speak of interference or negative transfer from L1. This is a possibility with the bulk of Slovene stock exchange terms and expressions. Take aplikacija, for instance. A translator unfamiliar with the terminology of the field might be tempted to translate it as application, which, to my knowledge, has no specialized meaning in this field, the correct equivalent being the unpredictable cross trade. Or the much debated organizirani trg, which is not organized in English, but rather regulated market. Consider also the temptation of word-for-word rendering of korak kotacije, borzna kotacija, mali vlagatelj, prekinitvena avkcija and many others. Negative transfer works in the opposite direction as well, when it is known as backward interference; under the influence of L2, learners can be often tempted to remodel their L1 lexical items to match those in L2. Even if backward interference be at work, expressions such as financial markets, legal framework, investors would not cause any problems, since they are structurally and semantically parallel to their Slovene equivalents. It gets tricky when the Slovene term for open-end fund is not odprti sklad, but rather vzajemni sklad, and especially with terms such as quote. Quote has the attractive verbal equivalent kotirati that does exist and is widely used but with a different meaning, the correct rendering being narocilo za nakup in prodajo. The cross-linguistic floors are also slippery with terms such as regulated market, which appears unproblematic at first sight; in fact, however, regulirani trg is an expression that does not exist in the Slovene language of the stock exchange, where the same concept has been lexicalized through another lexeme—organizirani trg. Further, there are pairs of NPs that look deceptively similar, yet differ in important details, which we had anticipated in the Introduction to this article. For instance, trade in shares is trgovati z delnicami, assets under management is sredstva v upravljanju, right on a security is pravica iz vrednostnega papirja, bond (sg. ) index is indeks obveznic (pl. ), dobicek (sg. ) na delnico is earnings (pl. ) per share, and capital markets can either be kapitalski trg (sg. ) or kapitalski trgi (pl. ). Grammatical collocations are a notoriously difficult interlingual area, causing problems especially in encoding, and so are the singular—plural distinctions. When translating slovenski kapitalski trg into English, most would opt for the only reasonable choice, namely Slovene capital market. Yet the English prefer the plural expression, thus Slovene capital markets. Due to semantic tailoring, a lexical item may be endowed with a multitude of semantic shadings and consequently receive different counterparts in the other language. Trg, for instance, is not always market in the language of the stock exchange. Borzni and prosti trg are exchange and semi-official market, while for narocila na trgu we have orders sitting in the order book. Similarly, the adjective organizirani can either be organized (trading) or regulated (market) in English, while vzdrzevalec likvidnosti can either be liquidity provider or market maker, depending on the context. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 165 Conversely, the EN share is not always delez in Slovene; note the pairs share—delnica, official market share—delnica na borznem trgu, market share—trzni delez, share capital—osnovni kapital. This confirms our expectations worded in the Introduction on the possible discrepancy between translation equivalents of lexemes in isolation (aplikacija—application, organiziran—organized) and those of the same lexemes in a particular context (aplikacija—cross trade, organizirani trg—regulated market). It is one of the goals of contrastive lexicology to point out such controversial pairs of collocations and thus sustain the claim that translation equivalence is largely collocation-dependent. The analysis has also singled out Slovene and English NPs that look similar (have a similar form), but differ, at least partly, in meaning (the so-called false friends). One of them usually belongs to the LSP of the stock exchange, while the other has LGP applications divorced from the stock exchange context: quote (n. )—kotirati (v. , institutional investor—ustanovni vlagatelj, and others. c. Structural (syntactic) and semantic non-congruence Since LSP (of both languages) lexicalizes chiefly within the nominal domain, our analysis focused on NPs. Corresponding NPs were either structurally congruent or divergent, and lexically parallel or different, in all possible combinations, underlining a number of facts. Equivalent NPs in English and Slovene often vary significantly as to the ir structure, so that despite their both belonging to the same part of speech, there are significant discrepancies as to their onstituent parts. Typically, a simple NP (nezaupnica; security) may correspond to a complex NP (vote of no confidence; vrednostni papir), or two complex NPs may have different pre- or postmodification structures (whereas the SLO posel s sveznjem has the head noun postmodified by a prepositional phrase, the EN block trade is a nominal compound composed of a nominal premodifier corresponding lexically to the Slovene prepositional phrase, and a nominal head). Our expectations on the structural divergence between corresponding lexical items in the two languages, as presented in the Introduction to this article, have thus proved just. It is difficult to establish definite patterns of structural correspondence between the terms and expressions in the two languages, i. e. we cannot claim that all English compounds of the structure N+N (broker-dealer) are transposed into Slovene as collocations of the type Adj+N (borzni trgovec), although this might be the most recurrent type, because there are other possibilities as well: market depth—globina trga (N(nom. +N(gen. )), capital increase—dokapitalizacija (N), commodity derivatives—izvedeni financni instrumenti (Adj+NP(Adj+N)), etc. All we can conclude is that English and Slovene say the same things is different ways, in stock exchange terminology and, it is safe to say, elsewhere as well. Clearly this is also the result of the two languages differing with regard to morphologi cal typology, which is evident in postmodification structures of the type stopnja donosa (N(nom. +N(gen. ))—rate of return (N(nom. )+PP), where Slovene—being a synthetic language—expresses the genitive by attaching genitival suffixes to postmodifying nouns, while English—an analytic language—has the same content expressed through an independent morpheme (the preposition of). 166 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) The two languages differ in a further respect, namely the so-called idiomacity attested by their respective terminologies. By idiomacity, we mean terms structured as compounds or single-word units, or even abbreviations, with highly specialized meanings and long track records, often lexically oblique, such as blue-chip, delisting, futures, OTC. Comparing proxy—zastopnik interesov delnicarjev, profit warning—zmanjsana dobickonosnost podjetja, quote—narocilo za nakup in prodajo, and iceberg order—narocilo s skrito kolicino, where Slovene uses lengthy descriptive expressions including adjectives and prepositional phrases, our point has been made. Slovene does have a few highly institutionalized terms (note for instance kupnina, dokapitalizacija, zakladne menice, VEP), but English remains the undisputed winner in this respect. As already pointed out, English is the trend-setter, as it were, in stock exchange terminology, Slovene merely trying to keep up (more or less successfully) with the pace. This idiomacity testifies to the specialized nature of English terminology as opposed to the corresponding Slovene LSP, as outlined in the Introduction. These have been just bits and pieces of the complex web of a terminological landscape, which can only be mapped out to any degree of satisfaction for those involved through more contrastive lexicological research. Further systematic work in this area is imperative to set up a database of (problematic) corresponding stock exchange terms in Slovene and English. These are primarily needed in the form of bilingual glossaries, which are in Slovenia shockingly out of date and in which the respective Slovene industry (on behalf of their poorly equipped translators) has already shown a keen interest. References Ahmad, Khurshid and Steve Collingham. 1996. Terminology and Text-Based Knowledge Acquisition Projects: POINTER (Proposals for an Operational Infrastructure for Terminology in Europe). â€Å"The Importance of Terminology. † URL: http:// www. computing. surrey. ac. uk/AI/pointer/report/section1. htm. Contrastive Analysis. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia. Accessed September 2007. URL: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Contrastive_analysis. Fisiak, Jacek. 1981. â€Å"Some introductory notes concerning contrastive linguistics† in Fisiak, J. Contrastive Linguistics and the Language Teacher. Oxford: Pergamon. Gabrovsek, Dusan. 1996. â€Å"Contrastive Lexicology and the Wretched L1>L2 Translator† in Klinar, S. (ed), Prispevki k tehniki prevajanja iz slovenscine v anglescino: Teorija in praksa slovensko-angleske kontrastivne analize: 13–38. Radovljica: Didakta. Gabrovsek, Dusan. 2005. Words Galore: Aspects of General and Slovenian-English Contrastive Lexicology. Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko. James, Carl. 1989. Contrastive Analysis. 8th impression. London and New York: Longman. Klinar, Stanko. 1996. Samostalniskost anglescine v primeri s slovenscino (Nounoriented tendency in English)† in Klinar, S. (ed. ) Prispevki k tehniki prevajanja B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 167 iz slovenscine v anglescino: teorija in praksa slovensko-angleske kontrastivne analize: 149–193. Radovljica: Didakta. Klinar, Stanko. 1995. â€Å"Cemu protistava? â€Å" in Vestnik an. 29, no. 1/2: 225–229. Kr zeszowski, Tomasz P. 1990. Contrasting Languages: The Scope of Contrastive Linguistics. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Lado, Robert. 1957. Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Svensen, Bo. 1993. Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of DictionaryMaking. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Prispelo decembra 2007, sprejeto maja 2008 Arrived December 2007, accepted May 2008 Jezik borze – Kontrastivna analiza leksike V clanku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Strokovni terminologiji (samostalniske zveze, saj te tvorijo osrednji del vsakega strokovnega izrazja) smo protistavili tako v strukturnem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrila kompleksna slika medjezikovnih (ne)ujemanj. Ugotovili smo, da se slovenski in angleski izrazi strukturno razlikujejo, in sicer na vec nacinov: po zgradbi se razlikujejo levi oz. desni prilastki; izrazi so sestavljeni iz enakih leksikalnih enot, ki pa se pojavijo v drugacnih vrstni redih; izrazi so sestavljeni iz povsem raznorodnih leksikalnih enot, zaradi cesar so s kontrastivnega vidika povsem nepredvidljivi. Popolna prevodna ustreznost je bila pri nekaterih parih sicer res ugotovljena, a je bila najbolj pogosta le delna ustreznost. S pomocjo analize posameznih parov terminov oz. pisov smo se prepricali, da dobesedno prevajanje ni priporocljivo, saj imajo nekateri izrazi neproblematicne prevodne ustreznice, kadar se pojavljajo v izolaciji, a povsem nepredvidljive in zelo specializirane ustreznice v borznem sobesedilu. Nadalje smo pri obeh strokovnih jezikih opazili terminoloske praznine, najpogosteje na slovenski strani (ko anglescina termin za dolocen pojem ima, medtem ko ga slovenscina nima, zaradi cesar se je v slovenskem borznem jeziku uveljavil kar – bolj ali manj poslovenjen – angleski izraz), ter lazne prijatelje (ko npr. obesedni angleski prevod slovenskega termina sicer obstaja, a njegov pomen v borznem jeziku nima pomena). V clanku je podana tudi ugotovitev, da je anglescina lingua franca jezika poslovnega sveta in financ ter da ima kot taka v primerjavi s slovenscino na razpolago veliko bolj idiomaticno borzno izrazje, v slovenscini pa se iste pojme ubesedi z daljsimi razlagalnimi in opisnimi besednimi zvezami. The Language of the Stock Exchange – A Contrastive Analysis of the Lexis The article analyzes the language of the stock exchange from a Slovene-English contrastive viewpoint. The two terminologies were juxtaposed as to the structural and 68 Slovenski jezik – Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) semantic differences between their respective terms and expressions (we focused on nominal phrases, the chief element of any LSP), revealing a complex web of interling ual (non-)correspondences. Slovene and English stock exchange terms and expressions have been found to diverge structurally, having either different pre- or post-modification constructions, being composed of parallel lexical elements placed in a different order, or being constructed of completely disassociated lexical elements and thus highly unpredictable from a contrastive perspective. While complete translation equivalence was identified in a few examples, partial correspondence between the analyzed nominal phrases was prevalent. The case-by-case analysis showed that word-for-word translation is not advisable despite its appeal; there are terms and expressions that have straightforward equivalents if looked at in isolation but non-transparent and highly specific counterparts in a stock exchange context. Further, the respective LSPs display terminological gaps, typically on the Slovene side (when English has a term for a concept and Slovene does not and thus mainly employs the English one, more or less aturalized), and false friends (when, for example, a direct English rendering of a Slovene term does in fact exist but has a meaning disassociated with the stock exchange world). Finally, the article concludes that English is the lingua franca of the language of business and finance and thus operates a much more idiomatic stock exchange terminology than Slovene, whic h mainly employs lengthier phrases that explain and describe.